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【青華海生物多樣性之美】垂花懸鈴花：永不開(kāi)放的花
保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園管理中心
保山市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)
聯(lián)合推出
第10期
The 10th Phase
被子植物.垂花懸鈴花
Malvaviscus penduliflorus
被子植物門(mén)，錦葵科，懸鈴花屬。常綠小灌木，高達(dá)2米。原產(chǎn)墨西哥和哥倫比亞，世界各熱帶地區(qū)廣泛種植。喜歡高溫、多濕、陽(yáng)光充足的環(huán)境，在我國(guó)主要分布在南部地區(qū)。垂花懸鈴花在熱帶地區(qū)幾乎可以全年開(kāi)花，而且花量多，枝繁葉茂，耐修剪，是很好的綠籬植物，所以廣泛用于園林觀賞和綠化。但它們的紅色花瓣從不張開(kāi)，被稱(chēng)為“永不開(kāi)放的花”。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園。
垂花懸鈴花葉子卵狀披針形，先端長(zhǎng)尖，通常邊緣有小鋸齒。紅色的花單生于葉腋，5片花瓣旋轉(zhuǎn)作含苞待放的筒狀，下垂，細(xì)長(zhǎng)的雌雄蕊伸出花瓣外。花梗很長(zhǎng)，微風(fēng)吹過(guò)，一朵朵垂吊下來(lái)隨風(fēng)擺動(dòng)，好像紅色的小鈴鐺，懸掛枝頭。垂花懸鈴花容易被誤認(rèn)為是沒(méi)有開(kāi)放的扶?；ǎ珜?duì)比后不難發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的區(qū)別：垂花懸鈴花下垂且花瓣不張開(kāi)，僅于上部略開(kāi)展，而且伸出花瓣外的雄蕊柱頭裂成10瓣，是扶桑的2倍，長(zhǎng)得毛茸茸的。它一直不張開(kāi)怎么知道它開(kāi)沒(méi)開(kāi)花呢，當(dāng)花蕊伸出花冠外的時(shí)候就表明它已經(jīng)正式開(kāi)花了，一直到花蕊凋萎前都算花期。
除了不會(huì)打開(kāi)花瓣之外，垂花懸鈴花還有個(gè)特點(diǎn)是只開(kāi)花不結(jié)果。不是它本身只開(kāi)花不結(jié)果，而是在中國(guó)未見(jiàn)結(jié)果。所以，垂花懸鈴花很難通過(guò)有性繁殖繁育種苗，在生產(chǎn)中主要采用扦插繁殖。垂花懸鈴花原產(chǎn)中南美洲，那里有蜂鳥(niǎo)，蜂鳥(niǎo)憑借獨(dú)特的懸停能力和長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的喙，能夠出色地為懸鈴花完成傳粉任務(wù)。中國(guó)沒(méi)有蜂鳥(niǎo)，這或許是垂花懸鈴花在中國(guó)未見(jiàn)結(jié)果的原因。
下次，如果你遇到這種紅色的花，不妨等上一會(huì)，因?yàn)榭赡軙?huì)有很多鳥(niǎo)兒和蝴蝶來(lái)光顧哦。在開(kāi)花植物已經(jīng)很少的冬天，垂花懸鈴花還是燦爛地盛開(kāi)著，為藍(lán)喉太陽(yáng)鳥(niǎo)等食蜜鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)提供豐富的花蜜。太陽(yáng)鳥(niǎo)也能懸停，而且也長(zhǎng)著長(zhǎng)嘴，理論上可以為垂花懸鈴花傳粉，但不結(jié)果的現(xiàn)實(shí)表明，太陽(yáng)鳥(niǎo)似乎也不是這種花特別合適的傳粉者呢。
The 10th Phase
Malvaviscus penduliflorus
Angiospermae, Malvaceae, Malvaviscus. Small evergreen shrub, up to 2 meters tall. It is indigenous to Mexico and Colombia, and widely planted in tropical regions of the world. They mainly distributed in the south of China. And like to live in the environment of high temperature, wet and sunny. In the tropics, the Malvaviscus penduliflorus can bloom almost all year. It is abundant in flowers, with luxuriant foliage and is resistant to prun, which makes it a good hedge plant, so it is widely used for landscaping. But their red petals never open, so they are known as "the flowers that never open". The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan proince.
They have ovate-lanceolate leaves with tip top and zigzag edges. The red flowers grow solitary in axils, with 5 petals swirling in a budding tubular-shape, pendulous, and elongated pistil and stamen protruding from the petals. Their pedicels are very long. When breeze blowing, the drooping flowers swing with the wind, which looks like small red bells hanging from the branches. The Malvaviscus penduliflorus is easily mistaken recognized as non-open Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, but after comparison, it is not difficult to find the difference between them: the flowers of Malvaviscus penduliflorus are pendent and petals do not open, only slightly open in the upper part. Moreover, the stigma of the stamen out of the petals are split into 10 hairy petals, twice more than the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. How to know whether it is open or not since their petals are never open? When the stamens and pistil protrude out of the corolla, it indicates that it is officially in bloom. It is considered as the flowering period until the stamens and pistil wilted.
In addition to the fact that the petals do not open, another characteristic of Malvaviscus penduliflorus is that they only produce flowers but no fruits. It isn't fruitsless itself, but can not bear fruit in China. Therefore, it is difficult to breed seedlings through sexual reproduction, and cuttage are mainly used in production. Malvaviscus penduliflorus are solitarily to Central and South America, where they can pollinate the flowers perfectly by hummingbirds’ unique hovering ability and long beaks. We have no hummingbirds in China, maybe that is the reason why the Malvaviscus penduliflorus can’t bear fruits successfully in China.
Next time, if you see these red flowers, just wait for a little while, because a lot of birds and butterflies may be come to visit. In winter, when flowering plants are scarce, the Malvaviscus penduliflorus is still in splendid bloom, providing rich nectar for honey-eating birds such as the Mrs. Gould's Sunbird. Sunbirds that can also hover and have long bills could theoretically pollinate the flower, but the fruitless reality suggests that sunbirds are not the suitable pollinators for this flower.
攝影師介紹
Introduction of the photographer
黃木嬌，保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園管理中心工作人員，北京林業(yè)大學(xué)自然保護(hù)區(qū)學(xué)碩士，北京飛羽志愿者。從2014年開(kāi)始觀鳥(niǎo)。“觀鳥(niǎo)是走進(jìn)大自然的終生門(mén)票”。
Mujiao Huang, a staff of Management Center of Baoshan Qinghuahai National Wetland Park. The Master of Nature Reserve Science of Beijing Forestry University and is a volunteer of Beijing Feiyu. Starting birding in 2014. "Birding is a lifetime ticket to step into nature".
文字整理：黃木嬌
海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)：黃木嬌
英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌
Text: Mujiao Huang
Poster design: Mujiao Huang
English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang
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